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                           حسابداری و مالی:: 
                            عوارض خارجی مثبت
                        
                        their  R&D,  private  R&D  investment  has  positive  externalities  and  could  be  lower  than
private  expenditure  on  R&D  has  positive  externalities  and  may  be  lower  than  socially optimal.
creates the positive externality, i.e. private R&D investment.
Autant-Bernard  (2001),  for  instance,  finds  positive  externalities  from  public  research  to
investments in case of sufficient positive externalities from each firm's R&D efforts, or
 
                        
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